What is texture?
The GLCM
Texture Calculations Practical
Notes More Information
Exercises
Examples Equations
Some useful references:
This list is not exhaustive! Additional comments are
provided below. Kourgli and Balhadj-Aissa (1997) provide a very complete
review of texture literature up to 1997, and I have not tried to reproduce it
here. If you don't read French, it is still worth while for the bibliography.
There is extensive literature on the application of
texture in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images, and in applications fields
such as sea ice and forestry. There is an increasing literature comparing GLCM
texture measures to other approaches in terms of classification accuracy
derived using them.
Akono, A.; Tonyé, E.; Nyoungui, A. N.;
Rudant, J.-P. 2003. Nouvelle méthodologie d'évaluation des paramètres
de texture d'ordre trois. International Journal of Remote Sensing vol. 24 no.
9 pp. 1957-1967.
The only article I know of that introduces a practical
way of looking at third order texture. Its utility in image analysis remains
to be demonstrated since it is not in widespread use. An English abstract is
provided.
Anys, H. & D-C. He
1995. Evaluation of textural and multipolarization radar features for
crop classification. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing
Vol. 33 no. 5 pp
Clausi, D. A.
2002. An analysis of
co-occurrence texture statistics as a function of grey-level quantization.
Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing vol.
28 no. 1 pp. 45-62
Coburn, C. A. and A. C. B. Roberts. 2004.
A multiscale texture analysis procedure for improved forest stand
classification. International Journal of Remote Sensing. vol. 25 no. 20 pp.
4287-4308.
Ferro, C. J. S.
and T. A. Warner 2002. Scale and
texture in digital image classification. Photogrammetric Engineering and
Remote Sensing vol. 68 no. 1, pp. 51-63.
Hann, D.
B.;
A. M. S.
Smith and A. K. Powell 2003. Classification of off-diagonal points in a
co-occurrence matrix. International Journal of Remote Sensing. vol. 24 no. 9
pp. 1949-1956.
Haralick, R.M. 1979.
Statistical and Structural Approaches to Texture. Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol.
67 pp.786-804.
Haralick, R.M., K. Shanmugam and I. Dinstein.
1973. Textural Features for Image Classification. IEEE Transactions on
Systems, Man and Cybernetics. SMC vol. 3 no. 6 pp.610-620.
This is the "classic" GLCM texture article. It is very
difficult to find in libraries. due to its azge and obscurity, I am taking
the liberty of posting an incomplete (without references) scan
here.
He, D-C. and L. Wang.
1990 Texture Unit, Texture Spectrum and Texture Analysis. IEEE Trans.
on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 28 no. 4 pp. 509-512
He,
D.-C., L. Wang and J. Guibert. 1988. Texture Discrimination based
on an optimal utilization of texture features. Pattern recognition vol. 21 no.
2 pp. 141-146.
Presents a logical method of selecting
the optimal texture measures for classification of a particular image.
Jensen, J. R. 2005.
Introductory Image Processing 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Prentice-Hall.
A basic textbook that presents texture quite
exhaustively and with some examples, and an excellent bibliography.
Kourgli, A. and A.
Belhadj-Aissa. 1997. Approche structurale de génération d'images de
texture. International Journal of Remote Sensing vol. 18 no 17, pp. 3611-3627.
Pearlstine, L., K. M.
Portier and S. E. Smith. 2005. Textural discrimination of an
invasive plant, Schinus terebinthifolius, from low altitude aerial digital
imagery. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing. 7vol. 1 no. 3 pp.
289-298.
van der Sanden, J. J.
and D. H. Hoekman. 2005. Review of relationships between grey-tone
co-occurrence, semivariance and autocorrelation based image texture analysis
approaches. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing vol. 38 no. 3 pp 207-213.
Potentially a very useful article in making sense of
the great variety of texture measures.